{"id":5413,"date":"2024-05-10T07:04:56","date_gmt":"2024-05-10T05:04:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.aiknow.io\/what-is-nginx-and-what-is-it-for\/"},"modified":"2024-05-10T07:04:56","modified_gmt":"2024-05-10T05:04:56","slug":"what-is-nginx-and-what-is-it-for","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.aiknow.io\/en\/what-is-nginx-and-what-is-it-for\/","title":{"rendered":"What is NGINX and what is it for"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>NGINX: its origins<\/h1>\n<p>The name Nginx is pronounced &#8220;engine-x&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Nginx is a high-performance open source web server; an enterprise version of the server enhanced with additional features is also available. In this article, however, we simply present the open source version.<\/p>\n<p>Nginx was created by <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Igor_Sysoev\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Igor Sysoev<\/a>, who published it in 2004 under a <a href=\"https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Licenze_BSD\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BSD license.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Generally speaking, Nginx offers higher performance than Apache or other web servers: Nginx, in fact, was created specifically to address the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/C10k_problem\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">C10k problem<\/a>: implementing a web server capable of responding to more than ten thousand clients simultaneously. Performances are made possible by its event-driven architecture.<\/p>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-5399\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aiknow.io\/wpvt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/aiknow-nginx-server-comuni-common-web-servers.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"956\" height=\"387\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.aiknow.io\/wpvt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/aiknow-nginx-server-comuni-common-web-servers.png 956w, https:\/\/www.aiknow.io\/wpvt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/aiknow-nginx-server-comuni-common-web-servers-300x121.png 300w, https:\/\/www.aiknow.io\/wpvt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/aiknow-nginx-server-comuni-common-web-servers-768x311.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 956px) 100vw, 956px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>In recent years, Nginx has established itself as one of the most widely used servers worldwide, thanks in part to its use by large Web companies.<\/p>\n<h3>Common uses<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Web server<\/strong>: Nginx can be used as a stand-alone web server to host static web pages and dynamic sites. Because of its high performance, it is particularly suitable for high-traffic sites.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Reverse proxy:<\/strong> Nginx is often used as a reverse proxy server to balance the load of web traffic across multiple backend servers, thereby improving the scalability and reliability of the system.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Caching<\/strong>: Nginx can be configured to cache static and dynamic resources, thus reducing the load on backend servers and improving page load times.<\/li>\n<li><strong>TLS\/SSL termination<\/strong>: Nginx can be used to terminate TLS\/SSL connections and manage the encryption of web communications, improving the security and privacy of user data.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Architecture and I\/O management model<\/h3>\n<p>Nginx uses a non-blocking I\/O management model, also known as <strong>event-driven<\/strong> or <strong>asynchronous<\/strong>. This means that instead of using a dedicated thread for each connection, a single main thread is used that handles multiple connections asynchronously, allowing a large number of simultaneous connections to be handled with efficient use of resources.<\/p>\n<p>The core consists of a main loop (event loop) that listens for incoming connections, handles I\/O events, and distributes requests to worker processes or threads, if configured. This management model allows Nginx to achieve high performance and scale effectively on multi-core hardware.<\/p>\n<p>The architecture has two basic components: master and worker.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The worker handles connections with clients and requests forwarded by them. The worker is implemented as a process that does not require elevated privileges.<\/li>\n<li>The master is in charge of coordinating the workers. It has access to privileged elements of the system to perform operations such as binding ports, loading configuration files, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Modules and configuration<\/h3>\n<p>Nginx is extremely flexible and modular with support for a wide range of modules that can be enabled or disabled according to the needs of the application. Some of the most common forms include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>HTTP module<\/strong>: Provides basic HTTP web server functionality, including modules for access control, gzip compression, log management, and more.<\/li>\n<li><strong>SSL module<\/strong>: Enables support for TLS\/SSL, allowing configuration of SSL certificates and management of encrypted connections.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Proxy module<\/strong>: Allows you to configure Nginx as a reverse proxy server to route traffic to backend servers.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Load balancing module<\/strong>: Provides load balancing capabilities to distribute traffic across multiple backend servers fairly and reliably.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Caching module<\/strong>: Allows caching of static and dynamic resources to improve website performance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Configuration<\/h3>\n<p>Nginx configuration is specified in the main nginx.conf file, which is usually located in the \/etc\/nginx\/ directory; other configuration files called from the main file can be used. The options specified in the configuration file are called directives. There are two types of directives: simple ones specify only one value and end with a semicolon.<\/p>\n<p>Compound directives, on the other hand, contain multiple fields. The latter directives are also called blocks and are delimited by curly brackets; you can include it in your comment configuration by having it preceded by the hash character (#).<\/p>\n<p>Let&#8217;s look at an example of a block (taken from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.html.it\/pag\/377241\/configurazione-il-file-nginx-conf\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>):<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>server {<br \/>\nlisten 80 default_server;<br \/>\nserver_name mysite.com www.mysite.com;<br \/>\nroot \/var\/www\/mysite.com;<br \/>\nindex index.html;<br \/>\ntry_files $uri \/index.html;<br \/>\n}<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>A minimal example of Nginx configuration (given <a href=\"https:\/\/www.html.it\/pag\/377241\/configurazione-il-file-nginx-conf\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>):<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>user nginx;<br \/>\nworker_processes 1;<br \/>\nevents {}<br \/>\nerror_log nginx_error.log;<br \/>\nhttp {<br \/>\nserver {<br \/>\nlisten 80;<br \/>\nlocation \/ {<br \/>\nroot \/var\/www\/html;<br \/>\n}<br \/>\n}<br \/>\n}<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>This file configures Nginx as a web server serving static content via the HTTP protocol. The Nginx web server starts a daemon in the background (on Linux systems) with user nginx and listens on port 80, serving static files located in <em>\/var\/www\/html<\/em>.<\/p>\n<h3>Reverse Proxy<\/h3>\n<p>A <strong>reverse proxy <\/strong> is a Web server that interposes itself between HTTP (or HTTPS or possibly other protocols) clients and one or more servers offering resources. Clients query the reverse proxy by sending HTTP requests to it; the proxy server acts as an intermediate client querying the internal servers, which process responses to the requests.<\/p>\n<p>The proxy forwards the request to the client, possibly modifying some parts of it (e.g., headers).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-5401 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aiknow.io\/wpvt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/aiknow-nginx-server-web-server-structure-structura.png\" alt=\"nginx reverse proxy\" width=\"949\" height=\"362\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.aiknow.io\/wpvt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/aiknow-nginx-server-web-server-structure-structura.png 949w, https:\/\/www.aiknow.io\/wpvt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/aiknow-nginx-server-web-server-structure-structura-300x114.png 300w, https:\/\/www.aiknow.io\/wpvt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/aiknow-nginx-server-web-server-structure-structura-768x293.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 949px) 100vw, 949px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>A particular example of a reverse proxy is a <strong>load balancer:<\/strong> this is a proxy that interfaces to multiple web servers that provide the same content; the load balancer distributes the load of requests among the various web servers so as to ensure speed and stability of service, avoiding overloads for the servers.<\/p>\n<p>A proxy server can add functionality to web applications, such as TLS encryption to an HTTP server.<\/p>\n<p>An example of configuring Nginx as a reverse proxy (from here), which is achieved using al <em>location<\/em> directive:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>location \/home\/ {<br \/>\nproxy_pass http:\/\/myotherdomain.com\/path\/;<br \/>\n}<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>The entire location is mapped to the external server. For example, if you ask the server for the address \/home\/dir\/page.html the Nginx server will request the resource \/path\/dir\/page.html from the external server. You can specify a redirect port other than the standard ones (cf. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.html.it\/pag\/378719\/configurazione-reverse-proxy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>):<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>location \/home\/ {<br \/>\nproxy_pass http:\/\/myotherdomain.com:8080\/path\/;<br \/>\n}<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>The Nginx Load Balancer<\/h3>\n<p>Nginx supports three different load balancing modes:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>round-robin<\/strong>: a request is redirected in a loop to available servers;<\/li>\n<li><strong>least-connected<\/strong>: a request is redirected to the server that has fewer active connections;<\/li>\n<li><strong>ip-hash<\/strong>: a hashing function is used to associate the IP address of a client with the identifier of the server to which the request is addressed.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-5403 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aiknow.io\/wpvt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/aiknow-nginx-server-web-server-load-balance.png\" alt=\"nginx load balancing\" width=\"945\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.aiknow.io\/wpvt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/aiknow-nginx-server-web-server-load-balance.png 945w, https:\/\/www.aiknow.io\/wpvt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/aiknow-nginx-server-web-server-load-balance-300x143.png 300w, https:\/\/www.aiknow.io\/wpvt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/aiknow-nginx-server-web-server-load-balance-768x366.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 945px) 100vw, 945px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Let&#8217;s look at an example (adapted from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.html.it\/guide\/nginx-guida-al-web-server\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>):<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>http {<br \/>\nupstream servers {<br \/>\nserver n1.domain.org;<br \/>\nserver n2.domain.org;<br \/>\n}<br \/>\nserver {<br \/>\nlisten 80;<br \/>\nlocation \/ {<br \/>\nproxy_pass http:\/\/domain.org;<br \/>\n}<br \/>\n}<br \/>\n}<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The load balancing mode used by default by Nginx is round-robin. Other load balancing techniques should be specified in the upstream directive (from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.html.it\/pag\/378719\/configurazione-reverse-proxy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>):<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>http {<br \/>\nupstream servers {<br \/>\nleast_conn;<br \/>\nserver n1.domain.org;<br \/>\nserver n2.domain.org;<br \/>\n}<br \/>\nserver {<br \/>\nlisten 80;<br \/>\nlocation \/ {<br \/>\nproxy_pass http:\/\/domain.org;<br \/>\n}<br \/>\n}<br \/>\n}<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Nginx can also act as a load balancer for TCP\/UDP traffic, providing effective load distribution across multiple backend servers: load balancing can be configured for non-HTTP protocols, such as TCP and UDP.<\/p>\n<p>Nginx provides advanced load-balancing features, including balancing algorithms, monitoring the status of backend servers, and the ability to configure server pools to handle different types of traffic.<\/p>\n<p>For example, we can configure Nginx to redistribute traffic among several DNS servers (see <a href=\"https:\/\/www.html.it\/pag\/378719\/configurazione-reverse-proxy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>):<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>stream {<br \/>\nupstream dns_servers {<br \/>\nserver ns1.domain.org:53;<br \/>\nserver ns2.domain.org:53;<br \/>\nserver ns3.domain.org:53;<br \/>\n}<br \/>\nserver {<br \/>\nlisten 53 udp;<br \/>\nproxy_pass dns_servers;<br \/>\n}<br \/>\n}<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Even in TCP \/ UDP mode, Nginx supports several load balancing modes:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>round-robin;<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>least-conn<\/strong>: you forward the stream to the server that has fewer active connections;<\/li>\n<li><strong>hash<\/strong>: a hashing function is used to associate each client with a server;<\/li>\n<li><strong>random<\/strong>: the assignment of the server that will receive the stream is random.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Security in Nginx<\/h3>\n<p>Nginx offers several security features to protect the server and web applications, including:<\/p>\n<p><strong>TLS\/SSL<\/strong>: Can be configured to use SSL\/TLS to encrypt web communications, thus protecting data exchanged between server and client.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Access control<\/strong>: can use access control rules to limit server resources.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Attack protection<\/strong>: allows you to configure filters and rules to protect the server from DDoS, XSS and other common web attacks.<\/p>\n<h3>TLS\/SSL<\/h3>\n<p>Nginx supports the HTTPS protocol, which can be configured using the ssl parameter in the listen directive. For example (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.html.it\/pag\/378719\/configurazione-reverse-proxy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>):<\/p>\n<blockquote><p># &#8230;<br \/>\nserver {<br \/>\nlisten 443 ssl;<br \/>\n#&#8230;<br \/>\n}<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>In this case, a certificate and its private key must be provided to the server. The location in the file system of the certificate and its private key are indicated using ssl_certificate and ssl_certificate_key as follows (see <a href=\"https:\/\/www.html.it\/pag\/378719\/configurazione-reverse-proxy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>):<\/p>\n<blockquote><p># &#8230;<br \/>\nserver {<br \/>\nlisten 443 ssl;<br \/>\nserver_name mydomain.net;<br \/>\nssl_certificate certificate.pem;<br \/>\nssl_certificate_key privatekey.key;<br \/>\n#&#8230;<br \/>\n}<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h3>Conclusions on Nginx<\/h3>\n<p>Nginx is an extremely powerful and flexible web server and reverse proxy with a modular architecture and efficient I\/O management model. With its high performance, scalability, and numerous configuration features, Nginx has become an essential tool for managing web traffic and optimizing the performance of online applications.<\/p>\n<p>With proper configuration and tuning, Nginx can significantly help improve the reliability, security and performance of your web server.<\/p>\n<p>We invite you to read the other very interesting articles in our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aiknow.io\/blog\/\">tech-blog<\/a>!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>NGINX: its origins The name Nginx is pronounced &#8220;engine-x&#8221; Nginx is a high-performance open source web server; an enterprise version of the server enhanced with additional features is also available. In this article, however, we simply present the open source version. Nginx was created by Igor Sysoev, who published it in 2004 under a BSD [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5398,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[108,104,107,106,94,105],"class_list":["post-5413","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tech-news-en","tag-load-balance-en","tag-nginx-en","tag-proxy-en","tag-reverse-proxy-en","tag-server-en","tag-webserver-en"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>What is Nginx and what is it for - AIknow.io Tech Pills<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Nginx is a high-performance open source web server; 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